What flotation processes upgrade scheelite ore efficiently?
Scheelite (CaWO₄) is a key tungsten ore mineral, and its efficient upgrading is essential for producing tungsten. Flotation is one of the important beneficiation methods for scheelite recovery, particularly when the ore is fine-grained or when high purity is required. Below are some of the most efficient flotation processes used for upgrading scheelite ore:
1. Anionic Flotation with Fatty Acids
- 试剂： Fatty acids (e.g., sodium oleate, oleic acid) are the most commonly used collectors for scheelite flotation.
- pH Range: Scheelite is preferentially floated in an alkaline medium, with an optimum pH around 9–10. Lime is often added to maintain the pH.
- Mechanism: At alkaline pH, fatty acids adsorb onto the scheelite surface through chemical bonding with calcium ions (Ca²⁺), forming hydrophobic surfaces conducive to flotation.
- Efficiency Enhancement: Adding modifiers like sodium silicate (to depress silica) and sodium carbonate (to control hard water ions) improves selectivity.
2. Mixed Cationic and Anionic Collectors
- 试剂： Combining fatty acids (anionic) with cationic quaternary amines or other surfactants can improve flotation efficiency by widening the working pH range and enhancing collector adsorption.
- Mechanism: This synergy increases the hydrophobicity of scheelite and improves separation from gangue minerals, particularly silicates.
3. Selective Depression of Gangue
- 抑制剂：
- Sodium silicate (depresses silicates like quartz).
- Sodium carbonate or phosphate (controls carbonate gangue such as calcite and dolomite).
- Water glass combined with other organic or inorganic depressants for better gangue mineral suppression.
- Strategy: Careful control of gangue depressants allows scheelite to selectively float while associated impurities (e.g., fluorite, calcite, and apatite) remain in the slurry.
4. Petrov’s Process (Selective Separation of Scheelite and Calcite)
- Calcite is a major gangue mineral often associated with scheelite.
- 试剂： A fatty acid collector is combined with sodium carbonate to regulate pH and suppress calcite flotation.
- Flotation Conditions: Fine control of pH is critical. The difference in surface charge properties of scheelite and calcite in these conditions enables selective scheelite recovery.
- 改性剂： Hydroxycarboxylic acids or complex phosphates may also be used to enhance selectivity.
5. Multistage Flotation
- Complex scheelite ores often require multistage cleaning and scavenging operations.
- Stages:
- 粗选浮选： Initial separation of scheelite from bulk gangue minerals.
- 精选浮选： To improve concentrate grade by removing fine gangue particles.
- 捕收浮选： To recover fine scheelite lost in tailings.
6. Flotation with Salicylhydroxamic Acid (SHA)
- 试剂： Salicylhydroxamic acid (a chelating agent) is a selective collector for scheelite at lower concentrations.
- 优点： Provides high selectivity against calcium carbonate and fluorite, reducing the need for depressants.
- pH Range: This process often operates in a weaker acidic or neutral medium, allowing flexibility in reagent usage.
7. Fine Particle Flotation
- 挑战： Scheelite ores often have fine-grained particles that are difficult to float efficiently.
- 解决方案：
- Hydrodynamic Conditions: Optimizing froth flotation cell conditions (e.g., aeration, agitation).
- 试剂： Use of dispersants to prevent slimes coating and fine particle agglomeration.
- Innovations: Advanced reagents like hydroxamic acid derivatives enhance flotation efficiency for finer particles.
8. Temperature-Controlled Flotation
- Impact of Temperature: Certain collectors (e.g., oleic acid) perform better at elevated temperatures. Heating the pulp can improve scheelite recovery and grade.
- 应用： This approach requires additional energy input but is useful in cases where collector performance needs enhancement.
9. Reverse Flotation
- Mechanism: Gangue minerals (e.g., calcite, fluorite) are floated, leaving scheelite in the tailings.
- 试剂： Depressants for scheelite (e.g., sodium silicate) combined with collectors for gangue minerals.
- 优点： Effective for ores with large amounts of gangue minerals, especially carbonate gangue.
Key Points for Efficiency:
- 选择性浮选： Proper use of reagents (collectors, depressants, modifiers) ensures high scheelite recovery and grade.
- Ore Pre-Treatment: Desliming, gravity concentration, or magnetic separation may precede flotation for better results.
- 试剂优化： Customizing reagent types and dosages helps adapt to ore mineralogy and reduce costs.
By tailoring these flotation processes to the ore characteristics, efficient upgrading and high recovery rates for scheelite can be achieved.
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