何时使用重力法与浮选法进行锂辉石回收？

2025年11月23日

选择重力分离还是浮选来回收锂辉石（主要的锂矿物）取决于多种因素，包括矿石的矿物学、经济考虑和所需的最终产品质量。以下是何时使用每种方法的概述：

1. 重力分选

重力法，如密介质分选（DMS）或跳汰，主要利用锂辉石与其他废矿石之间比重的差异。

在以下情况下使用重力分离：

• 矿石的锂辉石颗粒粗大。重力分离对较粗的颗粒（例如，超过0.5毫米）更有效。
• The specific gravity contrast is significant: Spodumene has a higher specific gravity (approximately 3.1 g/cm³) compared to lighter gangue minerals (e.g., quartz at ~2.65 g/cm³).
• Upgrading the concentrate is the initial goal: Gravity separation works well as a preliminary step to remove impurities and produce a pre-concentrate before further processing.
• Economic considerations favor simplicity: Gravity separation is often less costly to operate than flotation processes and requires fewer reagents, making it suitable for low-cost operations or where high throughput is required.
• Ore contains minimal fine particles: Fines (below 0.5 mm) are difficult to treat by gravity methods and can reduce efficiency.
• Dry processing is prioritized: Gravity methods generally require less water compared to flotation and might be preferred where water supply is limited.

2. 浮选

Flotation is a physicochemical method that separates minerals based on differences in surface hydrophobicity and employs reagents such as collectors, frothers, and depressants.

Use flotation when:

• Fine-grained spodumene is present: Flotation is well-suited for recovering spodumene particles in the fine to medium size range (e.g., 0.01–0.5 mm), which gravity methods cannot effectively recover.
• Higher purity or grade is required: Flotation can produce high-grade concentrates (often >6% Li2O), which meet the strict specifications for lithium production.
• The ore contains impurities with similar densities: In cases where gravity separation cannot differentiate spodumene from other heavy minerals, flotation is more effective because it uses surface chemistry rather than density.
• Complex mineralogy is involved: For ores with significant intergrowth between spodumene and gangue minerals, flotation can provide better liberation by targeting specific minerals with appropriate reagents.
• Secondary processing is part of the plan: If further refining is necessary, starting with flotation can produce a cleaner and more consistent concentrate.
• Water availability isn’t a limitation: Flotation requires water, and it may not be economically favorable in arid regions unless water recycling systems are employed.

Combined Use of Both Methods

In many cases, gravity separation and flotation are used together for maximum spodumene recovery. For example:

1. 重选 is often used as a preliminary step to remove bulk gangue and create a pre-concentrate.
2. 浮选 is then applied to the gravity concentrate to refine the product and achieve the desired grade and recovery levels.

Key Considerations for Method Selection

Ultimately, the choice between gravity and flotation depends on:

• 矿石特性: Including spodumene particle size, specific gravity differential, and mineral associations.
• Cost considerations: Capex and Opex of gravity versus flotation systems (floatation requires reagents and maintenance-intensive systems).
• Environmental factors: Water availability and implications of chemical reagent use.
• Desired product grades: Gravity has limitations in achieving high purity compared to flotation.

Conducting a detailed mineralogical analysis and process testing on the specific ore deposit is critical to determine the most effective and economical recovery method or combination of methods.

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