Gold CIL process (carbon in leaching) is very popular way to process the high grade oxide type gold ore
GB / T 24533-2019 “lithium-ion battery graphite anode material” is reported under the jurisdiction of TC183 (National Technical Committee 183 on Steel of Standardization Administration of China), TC183SC15 (Subcommittee 15 on carbons of National Technical Committee 183 on Steel of Standardization Administration of China), and the competent department is China Iron and Steel Industry Association. The main drafting units are Shenzhen BTR New Energy Materials Co., Ltd., Guangdong Dongdao New Energy Co., Ltd., BTR (Jiangsu) New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Huizhou BTR New Material Technology Co., Ltd, BTR Ltd., Tianjin BTR New Energy Materials Co., Ltd., China Metallurgical Information and Standardization Institute.
The graphite anode material for lithium-ion batteries uses a crystalline layered graphite-based carbon material. It works in synergy with the cathode material to achieve multiple charging and discharging of the lithium-ion battery. During the charging process, the graphite negative electrode accepts lithium ions embedded, and during the discharging process, it releases the lithium ions. The theoretical capacity of graphite-based anode materials is 372 (mA • h) / g, grayish black or steel gray, with metallic luster.
Graphite anode materials for lithium ion batteries are divided into three categories: natural graphite, artificial graphite, and composite graphite. Among them, natural graphite is represented by NG (Natural Graphite); artificial graphite is represented by AG (Artificial Graphite); composite graphite contains at least two components of natural graphite and artificial graphite and is represented by CG (Composite Graphite). The artificial graphite can be further divided into the following three types:
(1) Mesophase carbon microsphere artificial graphite, expressed as CMB;
(2) Needle coke artificial graphite, represented by NAG;
(3) Petroleum coke artificial graphite represented by CPAG.
| Table 1 Grades of graphite anode materials for lithium ion batteries | ||||||||||
| Grade | Grade | First discharge Specific capacity(mA • h) / g | First coulomb efficiency% | Powder compacting densityg / cm3 | Degree of graphitization% | Fixed carbon content% | Magnetic substance content ppm | Iron content ppm | RoHS Certification | |
| NG | i | ≥360.0 | ≥95.0 | ≥1.65 | ≥96 | ≥99.97 | ≤0.1 | ≤10 | Pass | |
| n | ≥360.0 | ≥93.0 | ≥1.55 | ≥94 | ≥99.95 | ≤0.1 | ≤30 | Pass | ||
| m | ≥345.0 | ≥91.0 | ≥1.45 | ≥92 | ≥99.90 | ≤0.5 | ≤50 | Pass | ||
| AG | CMB | i | ≥350.0 | ≥95.0 | ≥1.50 | ≥94 | ≥99.97 | ≤0.1 | ≤20 | Pass |
| n | ≥340.0 | ≥94.0 | ≥1.40 | ≥90 | ≥99.95 | ≤0.5 | ≤50 | Pass | ||
| m | ≥340.1 | ≥90.0 | ≥1.20 | ≥90 | ≥99.70 | ≤1.5 | ≤100 | Pass | ||
| NAG | i | ≥340.2 | ≥94.0 | ≥1.25 | ≥94 | ≥99.97 | ≤0.1 | ≤20 | Pass | |
| n | ≥340.3 | ≥93.0 | ≥1.20 | ≥90 | ≥99.95 | ≤0.1 | ≤50 | Pass | ||
| m | ≥340.4 | ≥90.0 | ≥1.10 | ≥85 | ≥99.70 | ≤1.5 | ≤100 | Pass | ||
| CPAG | i | ≥340.5 | ≥95.0 | ≥1.40 | ≥94 | ≥99.97 | ≤0.1 | ≤20 | Pass | |
| n | ≥340.6 | ≥93.0 | ≥1.20 | ≥90 | ≥99.95 | ≤0.1 | ≤50 | Pass | ||
| m | ≥340.7 | ≥90.0 | ≥1.00 | ≥85 | ≥99.70 | ≤1.5 | ≤100 | Pass | ||
| CG | i | ≥340.8 | ≥94.0 | ≥1.60 | ≥94 | ≥99.97 | ≤0.1 | ≤20 | Pass | |
| n | ≥340.9 | ≥92.0 | ≥1.50 | ≥92 | ≥99.95 | ≤0.1 | ≤30 | Pass | ||
| m | ≥340.10 | ≥91.0 | ≥1.40 | ≥90 | ≥99.70 | ≤0.5 | ≤50 | Pass | ||
| Note1: The product must meet all the indicators of this grade of product, otherwise it will not be classified as this grade.Note2: RoHS is the certification which meets the content of Restricted substance. | ||||||||||
The product code is composed of the category code, grade code, D50, and first discharge specific capacity in order, that is, the category code-grade code-D50-first discharge specific capacity. See Table 2 for specific examples.
| Table 2: Product code and explanation | |
| Sample | Explanation |
| NG- I -18-360 | NG natural graphite, grade I lithium ion battery graphite anode material, D50 = (18.0 ± 2.0) m m, the first discharge specific capacity is 360 (mA-h) / g |
| AG-CMB-1 -22-350 | AG-CMB artificial graphite mesophase, grade I lithium ion battery graphite anode material, 50 = (22.0 soil 2.0) pm, first discharge specific capacity is 350 (mA-h) / g |
| AG-NAG-1-18-355 | AG-NAG artificial graphite needle-shaped coke, class I lithium ion battery graphite anode material, 050 = (18.01 2.0) #m, first discharge specific capacity is 355 (mA • h) / g |
| CG- I -17-355 | CG composite graphite, grade I lithium ion battery graphite anode material, D50 = (17.0 ± 2.0) pm, first discharge specific capacity is 355 (mA-h) / g |
For technical requirements, the appearance is a powder of grayish black or steel gray with metallic luster. As for the physical and chemical indexes, the physical and chemical indexes of graphite-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries should meet the requirements in Table 1. If there are special requirements, it should be determined through consultation between the supply and demand sides.
Table 3 Technical specifications of typical natural graphite lithium-ion battery anode materials
| Technical Indicator | Product code | ||||
| NG-I-19-360 | NG-II-13-365 | NG-III-23-345 | |||
| Theatricalperformance | Size distribution | D10, um | 12.0±2.0 | 9.0±2.0 | 14.0±2.0 |
| D50, um | 19.0±2.0 | 13.0±2.0 | 23.0±2.0 | ||
| D90, um | 28.0±3.0 | 33.0±3.0 | 33.0 士 3.0 | ||
| D max, um | ≤50 | ≤70 | ≤50 | ||
| Fixed carbon,％ | ≥99.97 | ≥99.97 | 99.95 〜99.90 | ||
| Moisture,％ | ≤0.2 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.2 | ||
| pH | 8±1 | 5.5±1 | 5.5±1 | ||
| Tap density, g/cm3 | ≥1.20 | ≥1.00 | ≥1.05 | ||
| Powder compacting density, g/cm3 | ≥1.65 | 1.55〜1.65 | 1.45〜1.55 | ||
| Actual density, g/cm3 | 2.24 ±0.02 | 2.24±0.02 | 2.22±0.02 | ||
| Specific surface area, m3/g | ≤1.5 | ≤2.5 | 5.0±0.5 | ||
| Interlayer spacingd002, nm | 0.335 7± 0.0003 | 0.335 8±0.0003 | 0.335 8±0.0003 | ||
| Electrochemical property | First coulomb efficiency% | ≥95.0 | ≥93.0 | ≥91.0 | |
| First discharge Specific capacity (mAh) / g | ≥360.0 | ≥365.0 | ≥345.0 | ||
| Trace metallic elementMagnetic materialsTrace metallic element | Fe, ppm | ≤10 | ≤30 | ≤50 | |
| Na, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | ||
| Cr, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | ||
| Cu, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | ||
| Ni, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | ||
| Al, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | ||
| Mo, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | ||
| Magnetic materials | Fe+Cr+Ni+Zn+Co, ppm | ≤0.1 | ≤0.1 | 0.1 〜0.5 | |
| Sulfur content | S, ppm | ≤20 | ≤20 | ≤20 | |
| Table 3 （Continue） | ||||||
| Technical description | Product code | |||||
| NG-1-19-360 | NG-II-13-365 | NG-III-23-345 | ||||
| Restricted substances | Cadmium and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | ||
| Lead and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |||
| Mercury and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |||
| Hexavalent chromium and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |||
| Polybrominated biphenyl, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | W5 | |||
| Polybrominated biphenyl aldehyde, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |||
| Anionic | F-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 | ||
| Cl-, ppm | ≤30 | ≤30 | ≤30 | |||
| Br-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 | |||
| NO3-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 | |||
| SO4-, ppm | ≤50 | ≤50 | ≤50 | |||
| Organic matter | Acetone, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | ||
| Isopropanol, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |||
| Toluene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |||
| Ethyl benzene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |||
| Xylene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |||
| Benzene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |||
| Ethanol, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |||
| Table 4 Technical specifications of cathode materials for typical artificial graphite lithium ion batteries | ||||||
| Technical indicator | Product code | |||||
| AG-CMR- I -24-355 | AG-NAG- II -20-340 | AG-PAG-III-18-300 | ||||
| Theorical performance | Size distribution | D10, um | 17.0±2.0 | 9.0 ±2.0 | 7.0 ± 2.0 | |
| D50, um | 24.5±2.0 | 20.0 ±2.0 | 18.0±2.0 | |||
| D90, um | 35.0±3.0 | 40.0±3.0 | 35.0±3.0 | |||
| D max, um | ≤60 | ≤70 | C75 | |||
| Fixed carbon,％ | ≥99.70 | ≥99.95 | ≥99.70 | |||
| Moisture,％ | ≤0.2 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.2 | |||
| pH | 8±1 | 5.5 ±1 | 5.5±1 | |||
| Tap density, g/cm3 | ≥1.30 | ≥1.00 | ≥1.00 | |||
| Powder compacting density, g/cm3 | ≥1.60 | ≥1.20 | 1.30 〜1.45 | |||
| Actual density, g/cm3 | 2.24±0.03 | 2.23±O.O3 | 2.23±0.03 | |||
| Specific surface area, m3/g | 0.8±0.5 | 4.0 士 0.5 | 4.0±0.5 | |||
| Interlayer spacingd002, nm | 0.3357 ±0.000 3 | 0.335 8±0.000 3 | 0.336 0±0.000 3 | |||
| Technical indicator | Product code | |||
| AG-CMB- I -24-355 | AG-NAG- II -20-340 | AG-PAG-III-18-300 | ||
| Electrochemical property | First coulomb efficiency% | ≥95.0 | ≥93.0 | ≥90.0 |
| First discharge Specific capacity (mAh) / g | ≥355.0 | ≥340.0 | ≥320.0 | |
| Trace metallic elementMagnetic materialsTrace metallic element | Fe, ppm | ≤20 | ≤50 | ≤100 |
| Na, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Cr, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Cu, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Ni, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Al, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Mo, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Magnetic materials | Fe+Cr+Ni+Zn+Co, ppm | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.5 〜1.5 |
| Sulfur content | S, ppm | ≤20 | ≤20 | ≤20 |
| Electrochemical property | Cadmium and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 |
| Lead and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Mercury and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Hexavalent chromium and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Polybrominated biphenyl, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Polybrominated biphenyl aldehyde, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Anionic | F-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
| Cl-, ppm | ≤30 | ≤30 | ≤30 | |
| Br-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 | |
| NO3-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 | |
| SO4-, ppm | ≤50 | ≤50 | ≤50 | |
| Organic matter | Acetone, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Isopropanol, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Toluene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Ethyl benzene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Xylene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Benzene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Ethanol, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Table 5 Technical indicators of cathode materials for typical composite graphite lithium ion batteries | |||||
| Technical indicator | Product code | ||||
| CG- I -17-355 | CG-II-18-345 | CG-III-20-330 | |||
| Theatricalperformance | Size distribution | D10, um | 9.0±2.0 | 8.0±2.0 | 9.0±2.0 |
| D50, um | 17.0±2.0 | 18.0±2.0 | 20.0±2.0 | ||
| D90, um | 35.0±3.0 | 35.0 ±3.0 | 38.0 士 3.0 | ||
| D max, um | ≤70 | ≤70 | ≤60 | ||
| Fixed carbon,％ | ≥99.70 | $99.95 | ≥99.70 | ||
| Moisture,％ | ≤0.2 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.2 | ||
| pH | 8±1 | 8±1 | 5.5±1 | ||
| Tap density, g/cm3 | ≥1.10 | ≥1.00 | ≥1.00 | ||
| Powder compacting density, g/cm3 | ≥1.60 | ≥1.50 | 1.30 〜1.40 | ||
| Actual density, g/cm3 | 2.24±0.02 | 2.23±0.03 | 2.23±0.03 | ||
| Specific surface area, m3/g | ≤2.0 | 3.0±0.5 | 3.5±0.5 | ||
| Interlayer spacingd002, nm | 0.3357 土 0.000 3 | 0.335 8±0.000 3 | 0.336 0 土 0.000 3 | ||
| Electrochemical property | First coulomb efficiency% | ≥94.0 | ≥92.0 | 291.0 | |
| First discharge Specific capacity (mAh) / g | ≥355.0 | ≥345.0 | ≥330.0 | ||
| Trace metallic elementMagnetic materialsTrace metallic element | Fe, ppm | ≤20 | ≤30 | ≤50 |
| Na, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Cr, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Cu, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Ni, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Al, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Mo, ppm | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Magnetic materials | Fe+Cr+Ni+Zn+Co, ppm | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.1 〜0.5 |
| Sulfur content | S, ppm | ≤20 | ≤20 | ≤20 |
| Electrochemical property | Cadmium and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 |
| Lead and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Mercury and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Hexavalent chromium and its compounds, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Polybrominated biphenyl, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Polybrominated biphenyl aldehyde, PPM | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 | |
| Technical indicator | Product code | |||
| CG- I -17-355 | CG II -18-345 | CG-III-20-330 | ||
| Anionic | F-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
| Cl-, ppm | ≤30 | ≤30 | ≤30 | |
| Br-, ppm | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 | |
| NO3-, ppm | ≤10 | Q0 | ≤10 | |
| SO4-, ppm | ≤50 | ≤50 | ≤50 | |
| Organic matter | Acetone, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Isopropanol, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Toluene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Ethyl benzene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Xylene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Benzene, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
| Ethanol, PPM | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | |
Since the development of carbon materials for lithium ion batteries, graphite materials have been the mainstream anode materials due to their special microstructure, mature production and modification processes, and large raw material reserves, and will continue for a long time. The launch of the new national standard has played a guiding role in the actual production and application of graphite anode materials, which is conducive to its development.
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